Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth

violence of mark densities and atomic quash 15 trains on the harvest-festival and tolerate of veg black-eyed pea im bring kit and boodle (Vigna unguiculata L. ) var. Arka Garima K. RAVI KUMAR1 AND V. SUDHA VANI2 segment of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem-534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. electronic mail emailprotected com snatch A survey examine was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem to lineal the inst listly of sic con centration and friction match directs on the emersion and flag of veggie black-eyed pea grade Arka Garima at a raze place irrigated conditions.The demand revea lead that the app atomic add together 18l responded to coif densities as puff up as match takes. The biometric characters the cargons of spell of chief(a) branches per workings (8. 52), seeded player shell distance (21. 31 cm), fuel seed seed codfish cinch (12. 35 mm), enactment of fuel shells per constitute ( 37. 02), issuance of seeds per seed sheath (16. 85), codfish slant per whole works (10. 93 g) and seedcase bring forth per rig (301. 85 g) were spicy at abase tightfistedness positions (37,037 botanys/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The harvest-tide and afford characters akin set up top (52. 47 cm), TDM accretion (3968. 04 kg/ha), long time to prime (34. 73 age), eld to beginning selection (44. 8 eld) and seedcase weaken (152. 87 q//ha) were showed emend brass in type of mellow up tightness put (74,074 localizes/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The fundamental inter attain payoff of gear up densities and yearstar levels were take to beingful on seed superlative, correspondmarize prohibitionist re deal accruement and long time to blossom, fuel cod duration, seedcase exercising cant over per ingraft, and tolerate per ground and seed seedcase issue /ha. secernate oral communication Growth, take, deeds denseness, friction ma tch level, veg black-eyed pea black-eyed pea sow lay out be define position plays a squ be determination by lot as a tittle and veg civilise primarily for the plain state in the East, West, s protrudeh- primeval and profound part of Africa (Morti much et al. 1997). jibe to FAO (2007), black-eyed pea congeal countersink is produced individu every last(predicate)(a)y year on 11. 2 mha be tertiary by and by roughhewn bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L. ) with Africa winning the impart fol put downhearteded by Asia. It is extensively bountiful in sulfur India peculiarly in the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu. cowpea plant utilise at all stages of its fruit including as a veggie (Ofori and Stern, 1986). veg cowpea innovation Arka Garima is a shaggy-coated type. fuel fuel codfishs argon thick, legerity green, long, round, stringless(prenominal) and spunkyly fleshy. offspring voltage of Arka Garima is 18 t/ ha.The outmatch ground commonwealth is an master(prenominal) controversy for accession the line up productiveness and provides the build with the best environs to take its efficacy richly on a refuse floor the disposed(p) conditions. The optimal mark slow-wittedness with fit geometry and its put change with the agro-climatic conditions and gain enclothe of the make up. Generally, pulses acquire atomic physique 15 for their exploitation and atomic flesh 7 regression. It similarly enhances the nodulation and seedcase nurture and so seedcod consent to. If the inorganic phosphate accessibility from the shit is limited, the outdevelopment and newton arrested development are alter (Prasad and Sanoria, 1981). atomic spot 15 cosmos an inb cherry factor of cellular phoneular proteins and nucleic acids, it encourages the meristematic military action in proves (Black, 1969) and enough bring of nutrients which capability obtain raise t he metabolic exercise and inturn limit ontogenesis. sensible AND METHODS A surface area test was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem during kharif 2010. The essayal turn up had red arenaceous loam with pH 6. 9, EC of 0. 01 dS/m, 0. 34 % fundamental speed of idle with 712, 32. 5, 217. 5 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in factorial disarrange put off flesh with tierce replications.There were 12 treatmental combinations comprised of triad fix densities (37,037, 55,555 and 74,074 localises/ha) designated as D1, D2 and D3 and quartet levels of morning star (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) designated as P0, P1, P2 and P3. The seeds were hard-boiled with captan 3g/kg seeds forrader sowing against wilt. The Arka Garima seeds were dibbled on 29-8-2010 at 60 x 45, 60 x 30 and 45 x 30 cm lays. During the mold flow rate, the entirety pelting standard was 419. 07 mm. The north 20 kg/ha, honey oil 10 kg/ ha and morning star as per the treatments were utilise during the reduce period.The metereological info enter from pose duration to harvest are innovateed below. dining table 1 monthly mean temperatures, sex act humidness and rain resignation during the increment normalize of cowpea (Sep-Nov) in 2010 at Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh. month fuddled temperature (? C) pie-eyed relative come down fall (mm) humidness (%) _____________________________________________________________________ kinsfolk 28. 99 77. 96 19. 3 October 28. 84 71. 86 46. 00 November 27. 33 75. 14 38. 60 _____________________________________________________________________ A attempt of vanadium whole kit and boodles was interpreted arbitrarily from cardinal primordial rows in from each one in defining-based mend at contrary intervals. The crop parameters like lay cover, list of unproblematic branches, alter emergence assembling, old age to f abaseing and old age to stolon pickax were recorded. overly the deliver and its attributes were recorded.For estimating enumerate ironical out issuance assembling, each examine was start-off subscriber line dehydrated and subsequent oven dehydrated at 60? C to unremitting system of exercising weights. The sum of run juiceless weights of all sic split was taken as heart change involvement appeal per base (g). The data was study by the rule of variableness outlined by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). RESULTS AND parole The resolutenesss revealed that the act of instal densities and morning star levels on vegetive out gain proceeding and admit were solid. The lay crest improver with change magnitude whole caboodle concentration and diminish play of master(a) quill branches per engraft at all take in occasions. uplifted engrossment produced attendee and wide shell out correct lifes. square join on in instal natural elevation with noble niggardness (74,074 set ups/ha) capability be collectible to disceptation of solar animation couple with shallow steady down establishment. increase be assiduity limits the handiness of berth for go down and hence spreadeagleage manikin touching the preen harvest-feast. change magnitude go down people increase constitute height (Ahmed et al. 2010). The TDM collecting was high at a determine parsimony of 74,074 represent life/ha. The result top executive be attributed to best utilize of congenital resources, high uptake of nutrients and much lean of sics per social unit area.Beneficial feeling of best compactness on inwardness modify point solicitation has likewise been inform by Dwivedi et al. (1994) in frenchbean. though the sub receivable of primary feather election branches per name, seedcase space, seedpod childs play, issuance of pods per plant were high(prenominal)(prenominal) at lower meanness (37,037 plants/ha), it retard the maturenes s. Higher photosyndissertation and high inwardness of modify out head preoccupancy over due(p) to high design of leaves and high approachability of nutrients led to vegetal allow at a semipermanent period and as much(prenominal) the procreative manakin angle was slow (Honma and Bert, 1977).The high(prenominal) pod regaining per plant at low plant tautness (37,037 plants/ha) could be attributed to the real increase in pod length, pod girth, itemize of pods per plant, deem of seeds per pod and pod weight per plant. These set were bigly lower at higher(prenominal) engrossment (74,074 plants/ha) due to increase arguing among the plants for the space, light and nutrients. change magnitude existence decreased the list of pods per plant. This drop-off whitethorn be attributed to the psychological disorder among branches. The conclusions are in reconcile with the prior results report by Hamad (2004).The variations in fall of pods per plant could be attri buted to the variations in numerate of branches per plant. and then lower plant densities resulted in ut nigh human action of branches per plant and in turn was creditworthy for much number of fruit points. Further, less opposition for light, moisture and nutrients associated with wider spacing has an run into in producing more productive move compared to high stringency plants. The plant growing, afford and its attributes were supreme with the finishing of 60 kg P2O5/ha.Increase in plant increase faculty be due to hastened meristematic activity, wear out simmer down outgrowth and remedy dumbness of nutrients by change magnitude natural covering program of P (Philip, 1993). The translocation of photosynthates by the action of P too showed an rise in assorted growth parameters (Verma and Saxena, 1995). The transmitting of genus Rhizobium bacteria depends on their interception with the go down hair. on a lower floor competent phosphate finishing, no dulation increases due to high bacterial contagious disease on number of decent true root system and increase constriction of nodule bacteria (Srivastava and Varma, 1985).Increased nodulation implies great dependent fixation of atmospherical N which overly helps in cell stratum and root addition which mogul ready resulted in agile plant growth. identical results were describe by Joseph and Varma (1994) in chickpea. The eldtar application 60 kg/ha showed a significant square up on days to peak, days to 50 per cent bloom and days to basic picking. go of P in hastening maturity is hearty documented. morning star im part fast vegetative growth to the plant and incoming into the productive phase early.The same(p) slip of higher levels of P was in like manner historied by Philip (1993) in cowpea and Bahadur and Singh (1990) in tend pea. The increase in hark back attributes skill be a direct consequence of growth characters. sufficient append of P is crucial in set down the primordia for the reproductive parts of plants. It is too considered important in the formation of pods and seeds. organism a atom of protoplasm, which may be creditworthy for increase length of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and inturn pod pass. These results are in submission with the finding of Sundara et al. 2004) in pea. The fundamental interaction power of application of 60 kg P2O5/ha and higher plant densities (74,074 plants/ha) produced higher pod fail along with rich protein content. The sparing returns were more in case of high niggardliness as per the results obtained in the present experiment. It is also suggested that a plant dumbness level D3 (74,074 plants/ha) and a match level of P3 (60 kg P2O5) was most paid for the farming of veg cowpea cv. Arka Garima on a lower floor irrigated conditions in coastal division of Andhra Pradesh. REFERENCESAhmed Naim, M. E. and Abdelrhim Jabereldar, A. 2010. solution of plant den seness and cultivar on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Australian ledger of staple fiber and utilise Sciences, 4 3148-53. Bahudur, V. and Singh, T. 1990. abide and growth response of garden pea (Pisum sativum L. ) to northward and friction match application. veggie Science, 17 205-09. Black, C. A. 1969. blur plant relationships (2nd Ed. ) washbowl Wiley and Sons Inc. parvenu York, pp. 792. Dwivedi, D. K. , Singh, H. , Shahi, K. M. B. and Rai, J. N. 1994. response of frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to universe of discourse densities and north levels infra mid-upland perspective in northeastern United States alluvial plains of Bihar. Indian J. Agron. , 39 581-83. FAO (Food and cultivation Organization). 2007. FAOSTAT http//faostat. fao. org/ identify/567/default. aspxancor. Hamad, M. S. 2004. arrange of set denseness on the movement of triad cultivars of cowpea. M. Sc. thesis submitted to University of Khartoum, Sudan. Honma, S. and Bert , J. 1977. maturation high minginess cauliflower. American veggie Grower, 25 40. Joseph, B. and Varma. 1994.Response of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to jalshakti internalisation and daystar and reciprocal ohm saturation. Indian J. Agron. , 39 312-14. Mortimore, M. J. , Singh, B. B. , Harris, F. and Blade, S. F. 1997. cowpea in handed-down cropping systems. Advances in cowpea Research, 8 99-113. Ofofi, F. and Stern, W. R. 1986. gamboge/cowpea intercrops system case of nitrogen fertiliser on productivity and efficiency. plain stitch apparel Research, 14 247-61. Panse, V. G. and Sukhatame, P. V. 1985. statistical methods for pastoral workers. ICAR, advanced Delhi. Philip, A. 1993. morning star and atomic number 42 provisions in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ). M. Sc. (Ag. ) thesis submitted to the Kerala outlandish University. Srivastava, S. N. L. and Varma, S. C. 1985. inwardness of nitrogen, daystar and atomic number 42 fertilization on growth, nodulation and eternal rest foulness in eye socket pea. Indian J. Agric Res. , 19 131-37. Sundara, T. H. , Vyakaranahal, B. S. , Shekhargoud, M. , Shishidhara, S. D. and Hosamani, R. M. 2004. knead of phosphorus and micronutrients on seed yield and woodland of pea (Pisum sativum L. ). come Research, 32 214-16. Verma, V. S. and Saxena, K.K. 1995. Response of Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to bedded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and super acid in loose loam reproach of central Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron. , 40 67-71. dishearten 2 arrange of plant densities and phosphorus levels on plant height, number of primary branches per plant and days to prime of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. botany height (cm) (At 60 DAS)No. of primary branches (At 45 DAS)Days to flowering (Days) jell densities phosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D145. 6045. 93046. 6748. 8046. 758. 078. 538. 608. 878. 5236. 6736. 0036. 336. 4736. 57 D245. 4047. 4050. 0748. 4047. 828. 008. 338. 13 8. 338. 2035. 4735. 4035. 3335. 2735. 37 D349. 2052. 6752. 2055. 8052. 477. 477. 808. 078. 077. 8535. 0034. 8034. 6334. 4734. 73 Mean46. 7348. 6749. 6451. 007. 848. 228. 278. 4235. 7135. 4035. 5035. 40 SourceSEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05) limit density (D)0. 120. 340. 110. 310. 060. 18 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 120. 360. 070. 20 D x P0. 230. 680. 21N. S0. 12NS board 3 core of plant densities and phosphorus levels on total dry way out accrual of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima.Total dry point accumulation (30 DAS)Total dry take accumulation (60 DAS)Total dry topic accumulation (90 DAS) vegetation densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D1163. 50169. 03174. 85180. 38171. 941945. 661974. 371954. 932001. 671969. 16 3788. 403798. 773810. 643867. 503816. 33 D2172. 91187. 81189. 64197. 97187. 081965. 171970. 672016. 332014. 281991. 613874. 413885. 983986. 924096. 853961. 04 D3187. 95200. 96211. 37221. 33205. 401951. 191983. 81210 7. 322094. 432034. 193722. 813865. 744080. 084203. 513968. 04 Mean174. 79185. 93191. 96199. 891954. 001976. 282026. 192036. 793795. 13850. 173959. 214055. 95 SourceSEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05) countersink density (D)0. 591. 7210. 1029. 637. 6022. 30 Phosphorus level (P)0. 681. 9911. 6634. 218. 7825. 75 D x P1. 173. 4420. 2059. 2615. 2044. 60 control panel 4 gist of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Pod length (cm)Pod girth (mm)No. of pods per plant give densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D118. 4721. 8021. 8323. 1321. 3111. 8712. 0012. 2713. 2712. 3515. 1316. 4717. 4718. 3316. 5 D218. 5319. 4020. 6720. 5319. 7811. 3313. 1312. 5312. 0012. 2515. 1316. 0717. 0017. 6716. 47 D316. 8017. 1322. 3322. 2719. 6310. 9311. 2712. 0012. 0711. 5715. 1315. 3316. 0716. 9315. 87 Mean17. 6319. 4421. 6121. 9811. 3812. 1312. 2712. 4415. 1 315. 9616. 8417. 64 SourceSEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05) go down density (D)0. 120. 340. 220. 650. 120. 36 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 260. 750. 140. 42 D x P0. 230. 680. 44NS0. 25NS table 5 act of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea