Societal Standards Of Female Beauty - 1282 Words

Media is something every female and male look to for guidance when it comes to fashion, beauty, and information. â€Å"Magazines and advertisements are used to help women better themselves by giving information and products to make them look and feel better† (Serdar 1). Without magazines and advertisements there wouldn t be an exact focus on beauty standards.. People would have the freedom to choose what they like and what they consider beautiful instead of following the crowd. â€Å"Sociocultural standards of female beauty are in every aspect of popular media. Mass media s use of unrealistic models sends the message that in order for a woman to be beautiful, she must be unhealthy. Women are negatively affected by the constant exposure to unrealistic media ideas of beauty†(Serdar 1). Because women of the American culture constantly compare themselves to models and actors, they push themselves to diet and exercise in an unhealthy manner to achieve a goal that is both bad for them physically and mentally. â€Å"The ideal of beauty is a form of self-oppression. Women see themselves in pieces† (Sontag 1). Because females are so self observant of themselves they tend to put more attention on things that don’t actually need attention. Therefore, they feel as if their not as beautiful as a person they see on television. â€Å"Very small percent of women in western countries meet the criteria the media uses to define beauty. So many women repeatedly exposed the media images that send a message thatShow MoreRelatedVisual Kei : A New Subculture1691 Words   |  7 Pageshair with extensions, and bizarre face makeup that will make anyone take a second look. Yamanba is virtually a female only subculture that emerged from the ashes of the ganguro subculture of the mid to late 1990’s. It is a subculture that, similar to its predecessor, has set out to challenge the societal norms of Japanese beauty standards: pale skin, neutral makeup, d ark hair. Yamanba females darken their faces to a shade of dark orange and borderline black pigment. Then, they contour it with brightRead More`` Like Water For Chocolate And The Bluest Eye ``1696 Words   |  7 Pagesnovels, Like Water for Chocolate and The Bluest Eye. The role of being a woman is heavily suppressed upon females in our society and this concept is analysed in different notions of two very different women with different personal worlds and self values. The idea of familial and societal barriers is illustrated through the subjugation of women, the limitation of female identity, and the notion of female writing, through Esquivel and Morrison’s analogous values in their protagonists, Tita and Pecola. LikeRead MoreBeauty: Human Physical Appearance and Women1306 Words   |  6 Pages Beauty Throughout these moments in time, the term beauty has slipped out of control and become something utterly dissimilar. The significance of beauty has developed into something so unappealing, so unpleasant, so repugnant, that even now society is coming to the apprehension that the way they are portraying the description of beauty is erroneous. Over time, ‘beauty’ has evolved to something rather peripheral. Being beautiful is turningRead MoreSociety s Perception Of Beauty1148 Words   |  5 PagesBeauty is a perception we hold in society as what is attractive or not. Our perception of beauty is a social construct, meaning that it is made through society through its depictions of beauty. In our society today, our perception of beauty is shaped through the media, since the media portrays specific standards of beauty that people feel they must follow. Although media portrays beauty across different races and ages, society’s perception of beauty is skewed towards a spe cific and established standardRead More Beauty, Biology, and Society Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesBeauty, Biology, and Society What is beauty? How do human beings decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of messages telling us what is beautiful, but what are those definitions based on? Do we consciously decide whom we are attracted to, or is biology somehow involved? The issue of beauty and how we define it has been studied for centuries. Scholars from all fields of study have searched for the formula for beauty. Darwin in his book The Descent of Man wrote, It is certainlyRead MoreSociety s Perception Of Beauty1193 Words   |  5 PagesBeauty is a socially constructed perception regarding what is seen as attractive or not. Our perception of beauty, as stated previously, is a social construct, meaning that it is made through society and the people who are part of it. In our society today, our perception of beauty is shaped primarily through the media, since the media portrays specific standards of beauty that people feel they must follow. Although the media is perceived to portray beauty acro ss different races and ages, society’sRead MoreBeauty Standards : Women And Women984 Words   |  4 Pagesperfect women becomes increasingly unattainable. Women and girls are being held to beauty standards that virtually no one has, leading to increasing body image issues and self-harm. Females are constantly judged on their appearances and not by what they bring to table in terms of intellect and physical ability. Under these conditions, African American women and other women of color suffer the most. Beauty standards not only tell women that you are only beautiful if you are skinny, it also tells themRead MoreMass Media s Influence On Society962 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted in an unrealistic ideal societal body image. Media portrayal the standard for beauty Mass media has depicted slender body types as the standard for beauty (Grabe, Ward, Hyde, 2008). Constantly in magazines, movies, print ads, and social media has been able to beautify the ideal of a slenderness for a female body by using touch up thinner models to promotion and to set trends (Cash Pruzinsky, 1990). For example, in 1950 media was able to portrayed female beauty by using popular pin-up glamourizeRead MoreEating Disorder Reflection Paper1341 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on impact of societal ideas on body image and eating disorder. Nah! you are not skinny enough, no one wants a fat guy or a girl, do not eat that you will never get skinny, sadly but truly we are consistently being reminded with phrases like these to pursue a socially accepted thin and trimmed figure. Eating disorders are chronic and serious illness that engages a person into severe irregular eating behaviors to satisfy their distress about maintaining a thin figure and low body weightRead MoreThe Basic Myth Of Our Culture Is That Consumption Is The Goal Of Life1176 Words   |  5 Pagesagencies to come up with ways to effectively market their products and create demand. Advertisement agencies make use of profiling and niche marketing to target the groups of customers that the product will appeal to (McFall 5). Advertisers use societal stereotypes, for example, gender stereotypes to link a particular product to a group of consumers in order to create a demand for the product. To be successful at this, advertisers use persuasive advertisements t o manipulate the relationship between

Writing Today by Richard Johnson-Sheehan Book Report/Review

Essays on Writing Today by Richard Johnson-Sheehan Book Report/Review The paper "Writing Today by Richard Johnson-Sheehan" is a worthy example of a book review on literature. Richard Johnson in chapter seven - literary analysis, shows how literary analysis works. To deduce the inner meaning of literary works, it is important to develop utter concentration to identify some information that may appear insignificant yet they contain vital information in analyzing the text. Herein is an analysis of chapter seven of Richard Johnson’s text, Writing today, indicating the major issues in this chapter.   In this chapter, Johnson puts it clearly that it is important to conduct a self-audit to become aware of one’s analyzing capabilities. To become aware of one’s potentiality to critically analyze a literary work, one needs to do so much practice by trying to analyze and to critique as many literary works as possible (Johnson-Sheehan 53). To become a good analyst, one must start by organizing and drafting his or her capabilities to make it easy to improve on the areas that an individual has some difficulty. In this chapter, Johnson recommends that a person needs to practice by reading books and attempting more questions in areas that a person has some difficulty to handle. This chapter also recommends that a person develops his analysis styles following various ways to offer a wider perspective of analyzing literary materials.Chapter seven of this book recommends that a person should be able to revise and edit his analysis skills. This means that an individual needs to be dynamic in the way he tackles literary problems. It is helpful to try different ways of analyzing a text or movie. To attain this, Johnson indicates that a person may approach different texts using different questions and ideas. To attain success, teachers, and students need to be critical analyzers of any literary material that they encounter. To attain this, it is important to think out of the ordinary by developing questions in the text and coming up with viable answers from the literary material.

Teaching and Learning Communication Skills System

Question: Discuss about the Teaching and Learning Communication Skills System. Answer: Introduction In the given case study, the patient named John is currently receiving his last cycle of chemotherapy that is adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. It is an additional treatment that is given to the patient after the surgery that assists in lowering the risk of the cancer from returning (Mitry et al., 2008). Follow-up regime is also important after the curative treatment and makes the patient aware of the signs and symptoms that illustrate the recurrence of the colorectal cancer. After the procedure, he will be discharged from the hospital with his wife. Before this procedure, John along with his wife needs to meet the cancer care coordinator to discuss and learn about the self-management that follows his active treatment. Patient education is an important aspect of learning which demonstrates self-care and healthy living (Anderson Funnell, 2010). Apart from self-care, self-management is also important that supports his recovery and well-being after the active colorectal canc er treatment. Therefore, it is important for John and his wife to learn about self-management and focus on healthy behaviors so that there are positive health outcomes. The following essay deals with the discharge and self-management plan for John as discussed with the cancer care coordinator. The essay will also cover the survivorship issues that John might experience and the communication strategies that are required to facilitate effective education about his discharge and self-management plan. It will also deal with the evaluation of the patient education that is required for the successful education of John after his discharge from the hospital. Discharge plan Also, In Australian setting, it is highly recommended to determine the implications of follow-up on the quality of patient's life, timing and tests required for John along with the follow-up with general practitioner (Takagawa et al., 2008). Follow-up is highly recommended after the curative treatment of colorectal cancer for John. Apart from follow-up, it is crucial to know the signs and symptoms of the recurrence of colorectal cancer. According to World Health Organization (WHO), intense follow-ups and surveillance programs are important after the curative treatment as to detect the early chances of asymptomatic recurrences. According to WHO, follow-up is recommended every three to six months up to three years and then six to twelve months for the next two years followed by annual follow-ups. After the curative treatment, in many cases, there is recurrence of the disease if some of the cancer cells survive during the treatment and grow to for tumors eventually. This occurs at the original tumor location called local recurrence or in some other area of the body with distant or regional relapse. This indicates metastasis where it spreads to other parts of the body and shows recurrence signs and symptoms. It can occur after months or years after the treatment. The signs and symptoms include; changes in the frequency of bowel movements, constipation, dark or blood stools and changes in the consistency of the stool like watery or loose stools with abdominal pain, weight loss and tiredness. There is also a feeling of fullness or cramps of bloating gas in the stomach. Early detection of the relapse symptoms in colorectal cancer is not apparent (Astin et al., 2011). This requires regular follow-ups along with the recommended health plan after the curative treatment as the symptom s might not develop until the progression of the disease. The cancer stage decides the chances of the recurrence of the disease along with treatment received and risk factors of the patient. This recurrence develops within the two years after the curative treatment has completed, so it is recommended for John to have intense follow-up up to two years. Self-management plan Self-management after colorectal cancer treatment is important for John that encompasses the both physical and psychosocial well-being as according to World Health Organization (WHO) the fullest health realization includes the social, physical, psychosocial, spiritual and economic aspects (World Health Organization, 2010). There is fear of recurrence of the cancer that includes that it might return or spread to other parts of the body. There are survivor issues that John might experience like physical, social, psychosocial and spiritual after the curative treatment of the colorectal cancer (Foster Fenlon, 2011). According to the practice guideline provided by Cancer Australia, May 2012, it is stated that there is fear of cancer recurrence and require strategies to support the cancer patients (Coleman et al., 2011). The return of the cancer is the major cause of distress in the cancer patients and evidence shows that majority of the people adapt to the life after the curative treatme nt, however, there are some cancer survivors who experience high levels of social and psychosocial distress (Holland Alici, 2010). According to the Australian Government in collaboration with the National Cancer Control Initiative and National Breast Cancer Centre have recognized and developed the survivorship issues for the cancer patients. The emotional issues include the intense episodes of distressing and unpleasant emotions like fear, anger or helplessness to cancer (Stanton, Rowland Ganz, 2015). The social issues include the extent of the patient to adjust to the disease after the treatment and the effects of the disease on the patients family members (Jarrett et al., 2013). Psychosocial issues include the anxiety or depression, traumatic symptoms and difficulties in the relationships that the cancer survivors might experience (Duijts et al., 2014). Physical issues are the direct manifestations after cancer treatment like pain and fatigue (Van Londen et al., 2014). Survivor issues are also evident in the cancer survivors like John where there are changes in the lifestyle, life priorities, coping with the side-effects of the treatment and medications, social exclusion and the recurrence of the colorectal cancer (Gramatges et al., 2014). There are also some special issues that John might experience like spiritual issues that include the confrontations with meaning of life and morality (Rowland Bellizzi, 2014). This also has implications on the social relationships and on the family (Gao et al., 2010). There is a need to provide support for these above-identified survivorship issues that John might be experiencing. Self-management education strategies and interventions are required to prevent and support John for the effective management of the disease and prevent the further complications and improve his quality of life. Psychosocial interventions are required for John to address the fear of cancer recurrence and uncertainty about the recurrence which is a major concern after the completion of the treatment. The interventions include knowledge regarding the side-effects, symptoms of recurrence and coping skills that are directed towards reduction and prevention of the fear and concerns in cancer survivors (Koller et al., 2012). Self-management also provides supportive care for John as it helps to improve his quality of care, healthy lifestyle and proper psychosocial functioning. It would also empower him and build self-esteem in John. The healthcare practitioners need to be empathetic towards John and apply supportive expressive therapy and effective communication skills while communicating with the cancer survivors that help to address and also prevent the survivorship issues of John (Jefford et al., 2008). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change is a vital self-management model for coping with survivorship issues that progresses through five stages requiring change; precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. It promotes self-efficacy and self-esteem in the cancer survivors (Riekert, Ockene Pbert, 2013). This model can be applied to John's self-management of the survivorship issues. The first stage is the precontemplation stage where John is unaware of the problems and issues that are associated with the cancer survival. The healthcare professional in the second stage makes John aware of the problems and the desire to behavior change like the transtheoretical model of health behavior change (Prochaska, 2013). It is commonly used in client-centered approach where the clinician acts as coach to build confidence and work towards the goal of behavior change and healthy lifestyle. This can be done through patient education and learn about the risk and complications associated with the unhealthy behavior. The healthcare professional should educate John and motivate him to adopt the changes healthy behavior called the preparation stage. In the action stage, John should practice the healthy behavior that promotes self-management of the disease after the curative treatment. Healthy behavior like weight management, energy restriction, exercise and healthy behaviors helps to manage overall health and reduce the changes of asymptomatic cancer recurrence. In the maintenance stage, there is sustenance of the healthy behavior change and facilitation of the change. In this stage, there is requirement of communication strategies that reinforces change. Before the implementation of the transtheoretical model of health behavior change, it is important for the healthcare professionals to have communication skills to interact and motivate John to self-care management and addressing of the survivorship issues (Schwarzer, 2008). Self- care manage ment includes a healthy diet, regular medications, physical exercise and regular health check-ups that promote self-efficacy, fast recovery and reduce the risks and complications associated with the colorectal cancer and recurrence. In a study conducted by Hawkins et al., (2010) reported that positive behavior change is associated with low levels of psychosocial issues that promote positive health outcomes and well-being. Cluze et al., (2012) showed that the positive health behavior change like contact with the general practitioner, follow-up visits and compliance with medications and healthy lifestyle ensures reduction in psychosocial levels in the cancer survivors. In addition, the transtheoretical model of positive behavior change model is an effective way to motivate for the behavior change to prevent recurrence and promote positive health. To facilitate positive self-care management, effective communication skills are required while communicating with John and in promoting self-efficacy and self-esteem that reduces the survivorship issues (Uitterhoeve et al., 2010). Communication with John should include the information that helps him and his family to understand the circumstances, expectations, beliefs, values and personality (Gleason-Comstock et al., 2015). This includes the emotional reactions of John that provide information about the management of colorectal cancer and reduce chances of recurrence. Effective communication by healthcare professionals enhance the patient understanding and recall, improve patient satisfaction and reduce the survivorship issues and emotional distress (National Health and Medical Research Council, Department of Australia (Kurtz, Silverman Draper, 2016). The information provided to John regarding metastases or a recurrence should be succinct, pertinent in a private place and uninterrup ted time. Communication strategies are required provide high social support, health education and literacy and self-efficacy. It also promotes empowerment, overcome fear of cancer and emotional distress. The strategies include establishing support and trust that addresses John's emotions and concerns (Berkhof et al., 2011). Both verbal and non-verbal communication methods are important to establish feeling of trust and in reducing the knowledge gap that gives rise to psychosocial issues (Garg et al., 2016). The verbal strategies include open-ended questions that include questions that are related to the disease or treatment (Paternotte et al., 2015). Non-verbal strategies include looking, smiling, affective touch, careful listening and physical proximity. According to Kissane et al., (2012) the communication skills that healthcare professionals may adopt an effective conversation with John include open mind that welcomes any questions, attentiveness, genuine interest and empathetic listening. Friendliness, initialization of conversations that provide him scope for questions and invest time and effort in patient education. These skills are beneficial for fostering the collaborative ca re, two-way communication via feedback that build mutual respect and trust in the treatment and management. The emphasis on the contextual information aids to enable patient engagement and tailoring of care for John. The cultural background of the patient is also an important factor that acts as a barrier to effective communication between the healthcare professional and the patient. Understanding and assessing of John's cultural background provide a non-judgmental atmosphere and comfortable conversations in regards to the personal and difficult issues of John. The evaluation criteria that illustrate effective patient teaching are enhancing the two-way communication that includes feedback. When the patient provides feedback, it is possible for the healthcare professionals to assess and evaluate the level of understanding to reduce the knowledge gap about the disease and treatment. It also enhances collaborative care and promotes patent satisfaction. By encouraging open-ended questions help to assess the understanding of the disease by Teach-back method is an important method that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of patient education (Tamura-Lis, 2013). This communication method is adopted by healthcare professionals to confirm the understanding that is being explained to the patient. Health education questionnaire would also help to evaluate the level of knowledge of the patient education session to assess the knowledge regarding the disease, treatment and self-management. Behavioral determinants assessment like physical activity, symptom monitoring and medication adherence would also help to evaluate the effectiveness of the patient education session (Dohmen et al., 2011 ). Conclusion The above case study deals with the patient education of John after he had undergone the curative treatment for colorectal cancer. The colorectal cancer follow-up is required for the investigation of the pathways that would help to investigate the recurrence of the disease. Intense follow-up regime is recommended for John that includes the hematological, colonoscopic and radiological evaluation. The return of the cancer is the major cause of distress in the cancer patients and evidence shows that majority of the people adapt to the life after the curative treatment, however, there are some cancer survivors who experience high levels of social and psychosocial distress. Self-management after colorectal cancer treatment is important for John that encompasses the both physical and psychosocial well-being as according to World Health Organization (WHO) the fullest health realization includes the social, physical, psychosocial, spiritual and economic aspects (World Health Organization, 20 10). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change is a vital self-management model that progresses through five stages requiring change; precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Before the implementation of the transtheoretical model of health behavior change, it is important for the healthcare professionals to have communication skills to interact and motivate John to self-care management and addressing of the survivorship issues (Schwarzer, 2008). It promotes self-efficacy and self-esteem in the cancer survivors. Both verbal and non-verbal communication methods are important to establish feeling of trust and in reducing the knowledge gap that gives rise to psychosocial issues. References Anderson, R. M., Funnell, M. M. (2010). Patient empowerment: myths and misconceptions.Patient education and counseling,79(3), 277-282. Astin, M., Griffin, T., Neal, R. D., Rose, P., Hamilton, W. (2011). The diagnostic value of symptoms for colorectal cancer in primary care: a systematic review.Br J Gen Pract,61(586), e231-e243. Battersby, N. J., Coupland, A., Bouliotis, G., Mirza, N., Williams, J. G. (2014). Metachronous colorectal cancer: a competing risks analysis with consideration for a stratified approach to surveillance colonoscopy.Journal of surgical oncology,109(5), 445-450. Berkhof, M., van Rijssen, H. J., Schellart, A. J., Anema, J. R., van der Beek, A. J. (2011). Effective training strategies for teaching communication skills to physicians: an overview of systematic reviews.Patient education and counseling,84(2), 152-162. Cluze, C., Rey, D., Huiart, L., BenDiane, M. K., Bouhnik, A. D., Berenger, C., ... Giorgi, R. (2012). Adjuvant endocrine therapy with tamoxifen in young women with breast cancer: determinants of interruptions vary over time.Annals of oncology,23(4), 882-890. Coleman, M. P., Forman, D., Bryant, H., Butler, J., Rachet, B., Maringe, C., ... McGahan, C. E. (2011). Cancer survival in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the UK, 19952007 (the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership): an analysis of population-based cancer registry data.The Lancet,377(9760), 127-138. Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., Schupp, J., Wagner, G. G. (2011). Individual risk attitudes: Measurement, determinants, and behavioral consequences.Journal of the European Economic Association,9(3), 522-550. Duijts, S. F., Egmond, M. P., Spelten, E., Muijen, P., Anema, J. R., Beek, A. J. (2014). Physical and psychosocial problems in cancer survivors beyond return to work: a systematic review.Psycho?Oncology,23(5), 481-492. Foster, C., Fenlon, D. (2011). Recovery and self-management support following primary cancer treatment.British journal of cancer,105, S21-S28. Gao, W., Bennett, M. I., Stark, D., Murray, S., Higginson, I. J. (2010). Psychological distress in cancer from survivorship to end of life care: prevalence, associated factors and clinical implications.European journal of cancer,46(11), 2036-2044. Garg, R., Shen, C., Sambamoorthi, N., Kelly, K., Sambamoorthi, U. (2016). Type of Multimorbidity and Patient-Doctor Communication and Trust among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries.International Journal of Family Medicine,2016. Gleason-Comstock, J., Streater, A., Ager, J., Goodman, A., Brody, A., Kivell, L., ... Levy, P. (2015). Patient education and follow-up as an intervention for hypertensive patients discharged from an emergency department: a randomized control trial study protocol.BMC emergency medicine,15(1), 38. Gramatges, M. M., Liu, Q., Yasui, Y., Okcu, M. F., Neglia, J. P., Strong, L. C., ... Bhatia, S. (2014). Telomere content and risk of second malignant neoplasm in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.Clinical Cancer Research,20(4), 904-911. Hawkins, N. 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Jefford, M., Karahalios, E., Pollard, A., Baravelli, C., Carey, M., Franklin, J., ... Schofield, P. (2008). Survivorship issues following treatment completionresults from focus groups with Australian cancer survivors and health professionals.Journal of Cancer Survivorship,2(1), 20-32. Kissane, D. W., Bylund, C. L., Banerjee, S. C., Bialer, P. A., Levin, T. T., Maloney, E. K., D'Agostino, T. A. (2012). Communication skills training for oncology professionals.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(11), 1242-1247. Koller, A., Miaskowski, C., De Geest, S., Opitz, O., Spichiger, E. (2012). A systematic evaluation of content, structure, and efficacy of interventions to improve patients' self-management of cancer pain.Journal of pain and symptom management,44(2), 264-284. Kurtz, S., Silverman, J., Draper, J. (2016).Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine. CRC press. Labianca, R., Nordlinger, B., Beretta, G. D., Brouquet, A., Cervantes, A. (2010). Primary colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, adjuvant treatment and follow-up.Annals of Oncology,21(suppl_5), v70-v77. Labianca, R., Nordlinger, B., Beretta, G. D., Mosconi, S., Mandal, M., Cervantes, A., ... ESMO Guidelines Working Group. (2013). Early colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.Annals of oncology,24(suppl 6), vi64-vi72. Lovell, M. R., Luckett, T., Boyle, F. M., Phillips, J., Agar, M., Davidson, P. M. (2014). Patient education, coaching, and self-management for cancer pain.Journal of Clinical Oncology,32(16), 1712-1720. Mitry, E., Fields, A. L., Bleiberg, H., Labianca, R., Portier, G., Tu, D., ... Langer, B. (2008). Adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative resection of metastases from colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomized trials.Journal of Clinical Oncology,26(30), 4906-4911. Paternotte, E., van Dulmen, S., van der Lee, N., Scherpbier, A. J., Scheele, F. (2015). Factors influencing intercultural doctorpatient communication: A realist review.Patient education and counseling,98(4), 420-445. Primrose, J. N., Perera, R., Gray, A., Rose, P., Fuller, A., Corkhill, A., ... Mant, D. (2014). Effect of 3 to 5 years of scheduled CEA and CT follow-up to detect recurrence of colorectal cancer: the FACS randomized clinical trial.Jama,311(3), 263-270. Prochaska, J. O. (2013). Transtheoretical model of behavior change. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1997-2000). Springer New York. Riekert, K. A., Ockene, J. K., Pbert, L. (Eds.). (2013).The handbook of health behavior change. Springer Publishing Company. Rowland, J. H., Bellizzi, K. M. (2014). Cancer survivorship issues: life after treatment and implications for an aging population.Journal of Clinical Oncology,32(24), 2662-2668. Schwarzer, R. (2008). Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors.Applied Psychology,57(1), 1-29. Stanton, A. 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Water Pollution and Wind Energy

Water pollution is a problem that has affected the world for a long time. It essentially entails contamination of the water bodies such as lakes, oceans, rivers and ground water just to mention but a few.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water Pollution and Wind Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although some people may fail to understand the long-term effects of pollution, its short-term effects are easy to discern (Newton, 2008, p.102). Such effects include diseases or death of both human beings and animals. Despite this fact, human beings still pollute the water bodies, oblivious of the dangers that they are exposing themselves and animals to. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that some of the effects of pollution may take very long before they exhibit themselves. Aquatic life has been adversely affected by water pollution to the extent of extinction of some species. Chemical pollution of wate r is one of the leading causes of death of aquatic life. It normally makes water acidic, and also makes it toxic. The animals that do not die are left living in very harsh conditions (Hogan, 2010, p.1). Animals that consume these toxins may, in turn, be harvested for human consumption leading to diseases in human beings. Additionally, if water is polluted with chemicals, the amount of water available for human consumption reduces, and thus humans experience difficulties accessing safe drinking water. The water will also evaporate and make humans and animals inhale the chemical substances dissolved in it. This evaporation will also result in acidic rain which has the same effects as water pollution. It is thus evident that chemical pollution of water not only has negative effects on health, but it also substantially reduces the amount of water available for consumption by animals and human beings. There are a number of ways through which an individual could pollute water bodies. Some of these include; factory wastes, blood from slaughter houses, farm water with pesticides or herbicides, and all types of wastes disposed of to the water bodies. The aforementioned ways of polluting the water, makes it unable to sustain aquatic life as well as unfit for human consumption. It is therefore advisable that human beings avoid any actions or processes that could pollute water in order to live in a clean and safe environment. Wind Energy Wind energy is a form of renewable energy just like solar energy. The production of energy by the use of wind power is accomplished by the use of wind turbines. The blades of the turbines are meant to rotate by the wind thus causing electrical energy which serves as a power source (Richardson, 2006, p.2). It has been used as an alternative source of energy to substitute other energy sources such as fossils.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More Advantages There are numerous advantages of using wind energy, which include; It has negligible environmental effects. When compared to other sources of energy such as fossils which when burnt to generate electricity pollute the environment wind energy has no emissions hence safe to the environment (Perez, 2010, p.1). It is readily available as wind keeps blowing and is free thus making it cheap. The turbines occupy less space making it cheap since the size of land required is less compared to that required for hydropower. It is an easy way of generating electricity as no advanced technologies are required. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of wind energy is that the amount of energy it generates is limited compared to other energy sources. The turbines must be located in strategic places in order for them to generate significant amounts of energy. Last but not least, Wind energy is more appropriate in areas with a lot of wind, for instance in the rural areas. Refere nce List Hogan, M. (2010). Water Pollution. Retrieved from https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Main_Page Newton, D. (2008). Chemistry of the Environment. Checkmark Books. pp.  102. Perez, D. (2010). Sources of Energy. Web. Richardson, N. (2006). Energy Sources. Web. This report on Water Pollution and Wind Energy was written and submitted by user Benjamin Booker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fallacies of Irrational Thinking essays

Fallacies of Irrational Thinking essays The Fallacies of Irrational Thinking is the topic of this paper. To understand this concept you must first know the definition of the term fallacy. Fallacy is defined as deception, an error in logic, or an often plausible argument using false or invalid inference. In this course we learned that there were eight fallacies: perfection, approval, should, overgeneralization, causation, helplessness, and catastrophic causation. In this paper I will attempt to explain each of them. The fallacy of perfection is when a person that thinks that everything must be perfect. It can be as innocent as someone who must keep their things neat and clean or as extreme as a person cleans constantly because they don't feel that anything is clean enough. In their eyes, everything must be flawless. A person with this fallacy may most commonly be known as a perfectionist. One of their setbacks is that they are some busy perfecting that they don't have time to do other things. The fallacy of approval is when a person that insures that they say and do is acceptable to others. They are people pleasers, willing to do anything to make everyone happy and often say what the listeners want to hear. They are sometimes known as two-faded because they are on everyone's side of an argument. Most often affected by this fallacy are adolescents because they thrive on peer approval. A downfall is that the individual is so consumed with pleasing other the it may be difficult for them to The fallacy of should is when a person confuses what they want with what should be. They never understand why things are not going their way. This fallacy, unlike most of the others, can sometimes be beneficial, in moderation, in careers fields such as law enforcement and politics. In these field, in general, what the individual want usually will benefit public. On the other in hand, an extreme fallacy of should can be disasterist. One such exampl ...

The Best Way to Watch Whales from Shore on Cape Cod

The Best Way to Watch Whales from Shore on Cape Cod Thousands of people flock to Cape Cod each year to go whale watching. Most watch whales from boats, but in the spring, you can visit the Cape and watch whales from shore. The tip of Cape Cod is located only three miles from the southern end of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, a prime feeding ground for whales. When the whales migrate north in the spring, the waters around Cape Cod are one of the first great feeding locations they encounter. Whale Species Common Off Cape Cod North Atlantic right whales, humpback, fin and minke whales may be seen off Cape Cod in the spring. Some stick around during the summer, too, although they may not always be close to shore. Other sightings in the area include Atlantic white-sided dolphins and occasionally other species such as pilot whales, common dolphins, harbor porpoise and Sei whales. Why Are They Here? Many whales migrate to breeding grounds further south or offshore during the winter. Depending on the species and location, the whales may fast this entire time. In the spring, these whales migrate north to feed, and Cape Cod Bay is one of the first major feeding areas they get to. The whales may stay in the area throughout the summer and fall or may migrate to more northern locations such as more northern areas of the Gulf of Maine, the Bay of Fundy, or off northeastern Canada. Whale Watching From Shore There are two locations close by from which you could watch whales, Race Point and Herring Cove. You will find humpbacks, fin whales, minkes and possibly even some right whales circling around the waters offshore.regardless of time of day whales are still visible and active. What To Bring If you go, make sure to bring binoculars and/or a camera with a long zoom lens (e.g., 100-300mm) as the whales are far enough offshore that it’s hard to pick out any details with the naked eye. One day we were lucky enough to spot one of the Gulf of Maines estimated 800 humpback whales with her calf, likely only a few months old. What To Look For When you go, the spouts are what you’ll look for. The spout, or â€Å"blow,† is the whale’s visible exhalation as it comes up to the surface to breathe. The spout may be 20’ high for a fin whale and look like columns or puffs of white over the water. If you’re lucky, you might also see surface activity such as kick-feeding (when the whale smacks its tail against the water in a feeding maneuver) or even the sight of a humpback’s open mouth as it lunges up through the water. When Where To Go Get to the Provincetown, MA area using MA Route 6. Take Route 6 East past Provincetown Center and youll see signs for Herring Cove, and then Race Point Beach. April is a good month to try your luck - you can also check out the near real-time right whale detection map to get an idea of how active the waters are when you visit. If there are lots of right whales around, you might see them and likely some other species, too. Other Ways to Watch Whales On Cape Cod If you want the chance to get closer to the whales and learn more about their natural history, you can try a whale watch.

Knife crime in the uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Knife crime in the uk - Essay Example When one compares the crime statistics of UK with that of the world statistics, it can be seen that the country constitute a meager portion of similar killings but it is considered as a national crisis. Reports state that there was an increase from 12 killings in 2006 to 37 killings nationally in 2007 in which the victim and assassin were under 18, clears the doubts related to the alarming problem of knife crimes, especially among the teenaged. A government Bill which is currently in the House of Lords features Legislature to prohibit the sale of knife or other sharp instrument to those who are under 18. Here, Mick Hume points out: "Total murders in London were down in 2007 for the fifth year in succession, from 222 in 2003 to 160 last year. Within those figures, the numbers of teenagers killed did rise - by 'over 50 per cent' as some reports put it. In hard numbers, however, that was an increase from 17 deaths to 26." (Hume 2008). When the total rate of crimes in London shows a decr easing tendency, the numbers of teenagers killed is at an increasing rate. In older days, holding a knife for self defence was not considered as a serious offence. But now the situation is becoming more and more complicated and laws in countries worldwide limits the rights of citizens. When a teenager commits a crime by using a knife, there are some limitations to the hard laws. The punishment is decided according to the seriousness, circumstance, seriousness of the injury, etc of the person who committed the crime. So, illegal carriage of knife will result in imprisonment up to 2 years. There are Borstal schools and Juvenile homes for the teenagers who had committed the crime. Here, W. J. Forsythe points out that, decision to construct these sorts of schools and houses for the teenage criminals is to transform their character. As Forsythe states, "They had come into being as a result of assumptions that young offenders were contaminated by prolonged contact with older prisoners, that they lost their dread of prison if sent there at an early age for length y periods and that, because of youthful plasticity of personality and susceptibility to environmental influence, they would respond to a regime of training and education." (Forsythe 1990, p. 45). At these schools and homes, the teenagers are provided with training and education for their future life. The punishment is for the crime committed, not against the person. The psychological and mental torture suffered by the person who committed the crime must be considered. Rod Morgan and Malcolm D. Evans observe: "This view implicitly underpins the suggestion that torture is almost universally proscribed and deprecated and is engaged in only by aberrant individuals or regimes, mostly in far-away places: that is, a phenomenon that need not much concern us in Europe." (Morgan and Evans 1998, p. x). By generalizing the problem of torturing the teenaged criminals, the right as a human being is limited. Moreover, violence is considered as an important topic in British law and the punishment i s decided according to the seriousness of the crime committed. According to J. Carter Wood, the study of the history of crime states that extend of crime had risen or declined according to social change: "Violence has become a distinct topic in English historiography through the histories of crime, the

Fallacious Arguments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fallacious Arguments - Assignment Example Further, when we discover a fallacy in an argument, it does not imply the conclusion is false; instead, it means that the argument does not efficiently establish its conclusion. I therefore would have to construct arguments that display distinct fallacies. Red Herring fallacies— Appeal to Emotion. Rather than providing reasons, this type of argument only incorporates meaningful language for aggravating empathy or resentment towards a specific assertion. Consider: You should not oppose Mitt Romney. It is Unrepublican. This isn’t excellent argument but absolute rhetoric. For this case, the argument rests upon the premise that you cannot be a loyalist if you do not agree with everything Romney says. Fallacy of Causation. This is the fallacy of inferring that A caused B, from the premise that and A and B are interrelated. Consider: Our study finds obese people are avid readers of books on nutrition and weight loss. Therefore, a book on nutrition and weightless influences someone’s decision to be obese. For this case, the conclusion doesn’t follow from the premise, because it is probable that the connection here is unintended. Alternative, it may be that reading a book on nutrition and weight loss should assist you reduce the excess calories instead of the way round. The fallacy of Division. This is the fallacy of deducing that the parts of A must have a certain aspect, from the premise that A as whole has an aspect. Consider: Rick Santorum prematurely terminated his campaign. And that means his personal advisor is responsible for premature suspension of the campaign. Just because Santorum suspended his campaign doesn’t mean that his advisor made the decision to terminate his campaign prematurely. It is even possible that his advisor advised him against early campaign

Contributions of Modern Technology by David Ingram Essay Example for Free

Contributions of Modern Technology by David Ingram Essay Modern technology has given small businesses an unprecedented ability to communicate with their target markets, causing a dramatic evolution in the way marketers craft advertising strategies. Unlike the shotgun-scatter technique of yesterdays mass media outlets, new advertising channels created by cutting edge technology allow companies to target small groups and individuals with personalized advertising messages, while collecting feedback and measuring responses on the fly. Research Tools Modern technology greatly enhances advertisers ability to perform market research and testing when developing ads. Extensive collections of consumer data can be obtained online, and the results of feedback and opinions can be analyzed instantly with computers. Virtual focus groups can bring together people on opposite sides of the world to view and provide feedback on advertisements, and opinion leaders can be engaged via online surveys that expose the viewer to a proposed ad while soliciting feedback. Development tools for internet advertisements has have improved dramatically over the past 20 years. While the static, logo-driven banner ads of the 1990s were effective themselves, todays ads feature video, animation and even viewer interactivity. Development Tools Modern technology allows advertisers to create more effective and impressive ads for television, print, radio and the Web. Modern video editing equipment can be used to create ads with a â€Å"wow factor†something that catches viewers attention and keeps them glued to the screen. Enhancements in computer animation allow advertisers to create lifelike settings, characters and action that could never be achieved only 40 years ago. Special effects also allows ads to fully leverage the marketing appeal of popular movies and television shows, making the obvious product appeal the only thing that differentiates the ad from the movie or show. With a range of powerful tools at their disposal, advertisers can create visual messages that appeal more personally to specific consumer groups. Social Networks Social networks are proving to be an invaluable resource for small businesses and bootstrap marketers. Social networks, besides allowing advertisers to engage consumers in research and testing, they also offer a powerful and free distribution system. Distributing interesting, memorable ads via a social network can set off a chain reaction in which individual viewers spread the advertising message in a personal way, to millions of viewers, at no cost to the advertiser. Internet Advertising The Internet has wrought havoc on the effectiveness of traditional advertising outlets while simultaneously creating interesting new avenues for marketers to reach consumers. Internet banner ads can be strategically placed on websites that target specific consumer groups much more effectively than mass media. Television-style ads can be placed on Internet videos, such as news clips. Free web-based games can be developed to provide an interactive experience while exposing players to advertising messages. Ads, combined with promotions, can be sent to individuals via email campaigns. Endorsements Paid endorsements of sports celebrities and events have become exponentially more effective due to the reach of radio, television and the Internet. Endorsements that traditionally exposed several hundred spectators to an advertising message can reach millions through national broadcasts and Internet exposure.

Salmon Rushdie :: essays papers

Salmon Rushdie In a world that is ready to criticize the slightest fault, or impropriety of a person's character, or way of thinking, authors, such as Salmon Rushdie, are continually under fire. In his writings, Rushdie takes the aspects of typical every day life and satirizes them in a way that enables his readers to realize how nonsensical they may be. Through centuries of diverse writing and literary changes, one thing remains the same: writers, no matter who they are, or what their standing in society is, will be criticized. Salmon Rushdie, although a modern writer, is faced with much criticism that earlier writers also faced. In June of 1947, in Bombay, India, a child was born. A child who would grow up to become one of the most outspoken and radical writers of this modern era. Born in a time of political unrest (DISCovering), and a newly found freedom for India from British rule, Rushdie would grow not to find freedom through his writings, but a deep rooted criticism. Educated at The Cathedral Boys' School, and then Cambridge, Rushdie had a refined learning experience. When Rushdie started his career in writing he was unable to support himself and therefore held jobs such as acting and copyrighting until he was able to himself support as a writer. Rushdie's first published book, Grimus, tells the story of an American Indian who receives the gift of immortality and begins an odessy to find the meaning of life. Initially this work attracted the attention of the science fiction readers(DISCovering). The books genre is very often disagreed upon by critics, and has been called a fable, fantasy, political satire, and magical realism(DISCovering). Being "an ambitious, strikingly confident first work(DISCovering)," Rushdie was able to establish himself in the literary world as a writer. In his second book, Rushdie turned back to his homeland to find the subject that he wished to write about. Midnight's Children chronicles the recent history of India, beginning in 1947 when the country became free from British rule(DISCovering). In this allegorical work, Rushdie uses the characters to represent hopes as well as the frustrating realities of India's newly found freedom. Shame is Rushdie's third book. In this work he presents an astonishing account of events in an unnamed country that strongly resembles Pakistan. The major theme in this work is shame verses honor. The Satanic Verses is probably Rushdie's most popular and most controversial work. In this ambiguous work, Rushdie explores the themes relating to good and evil, religious faith and fanaticism, illusion verses reality, and the plight of Indians who have relocated to Great Britain.

Children Should Be Placed with Adoptive Parents

This report will be discussing the views on parent adopting children of difference races and colour. It will also be explaining the word used to describe for parents adopting children of different race and colour. Additionally, the report will also mention the history and meaning of ‘trans-racial adoption’ and the arguments that surround this topic. The terminology used for parent to adopt a child of another race or colour is trans-racial adoption (TRA) or inter-racial adoption.The meaning of TRA is to place a child from a race or ethnic group with adoptive parents of another race or ethnic group. The question within society has been arisen whether children should always be placed in a home where the parents are from the same race or colour, which is where issues of whether TRA is practical in the long run. The most heated controversy throughout the history of TRA, has been to do with black children being adopted by white adoptive parents.Andrew Morrison states from his 2004 Journal â€Å"Trans-racial Adoption: The Pros and Cons and the Parents’ Perspective† that black families rarely adopt white children as there are considerably more white parents who are generally looking to adopt. Up to 40% of children who are up for adoption are black, and social workers often refuse to accept the idea of black parents adopting white children In the public record, the first publicly recorded documentation in the United States that white parents adopted a Black child shows that such an adoption took place in 1948, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.Until the 1950s, TRA was almost unheard-of; the prevailing policy and practice of adoption agencies discouraged such adoptions. The justification for these policies and practices was the prevailing belief that race matching would increase the chances of a good parent child relationship. Although TRA of Native American children had occurred frequently over the past century, formal placement of Native American chi ldren with white parents was particularly prevalent in the late 1950s (Andrew Morrison, 2004)

Anti Terrorism

Philosophical arguments Retribution Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as multiple homicide, child murder, torture murder and mass killing such as [terrorism], massacre, or genocide. Some even argue that not applying death penalty in latter cases is patently unjust. This argument is strongly defended by New York law professor Robert Blecker [4], who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime.It would be unfair that those who have committed these horrible crimes stay alive, even incarcerated. Abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that life without parole is a sufficient substitute. Human rights Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and j udicial execution violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture.Albert Camus wrote in a 1956 book called â€Å"Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death†: An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. [†¦ ] For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life. 5] This view contradicts classic natural rights doctrine, which stresses that the right to life can be forfeited by grave misbehavior. [3] Practical arguments Wrongful execution Main article: Wrongful execution Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be executed. Supporters of capital punishment object that these lives have to be weighed against the far more numerous innocent people whose lives can be saved if the murderers are deterred by the prospect of being executed. [6] Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. 7] However, statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. Another issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the accused has a public defender. The competence of the defense attorney â€Å"is a better predictor of whether or not someone will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime†. 8] Also, improper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, â€Å"the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty†. [9] This refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs. In this situation, in almost any jurisdiction, the prosecution has a prima facie case. Racial and gender factors in the United StatesAfrican Americans, though they currently make up only 12 percent of the general population, have made up 41 percent of death row inmates and 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976. [10] According to Craig Rice, a black member of the Maryland state legislature: â€Å"The question is, are more people of color on death row because the system puts them there or are they committing more crimes because of unequal access to education and opportunity? The way I was raised, it was always to be held accountable for your actions. â€Å"[11] As of 2010, women account for only 1. % (55 people) of inmates on death row, with men accounting for the other 98. 3% (3206). Since 1976, only 1. 0% (12) of those executed were women. [12] Deterrence The existence of a deterrence effect is disputed. Studies-especially older ones-differ as to whether executions deter other potential criminals from committing murder or other crimes. One reason that there is no general consensus on whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent is that it is used so rarely – only about one out of every 300 murders actually results in an execution. In 2005 in the Stanford Law Review, John J.Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote that the death penalty â€Å"†¦ is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors†¦ The e xisting evidence for deterrence†¦ is surprisingly fragile. † Wolfers stated, â€Å"If I was allowed 1,000 executions and 1,000 exonerations, and I was allowed to do it in a random, focused way, I could probably give you an answer. [13] Naci Mocan, an economist at Louisiana State University, authored a study that looked at all 3,054 U. S. counties over two decades, and concluded that each execution saved five lives. Mocan stated, â€Å"I personally am opposed to the death penalty†¦ But my research shows that there is a deterrent effect. â€Å"[13] Joanna M. Shepherd, a law professor at Emory with a doctorate in economics who was involved in several studies on the death penalty, stated, â€Å"I am definitely against the death penalty on lots of different grounds†¦But I do believe that people respond to incentives. † Shepherd found that the death penalty had a deterrent effect only in those states that executed at least nine people between 1977 and 1996. In the Michigan Law Review in 2005, Shepherd wrote, â€Å"Deterrence cannot be achieved with a half-hearted execution program. â€Å"[13] The question of whether or not the death penalty deters murder usually revolves around the statistical analysis. Studies have produced disputed results with disputed significance. 14] Some studies have shown a positive correlation between the death penalty and murder rates[15] – in other words, they show that where the death penalty applies, murder rates are also high. This correlation can be interpreted in either that the death penalty increases murder rates by brutalizing society, or that higher murder rates cause the state to retain or reintroduce the death penalty. However, supporters and opponents of the various statistical studies, on both sides of the issue, argue that correlation does not imply causation.The case for a large deterrent effect of capital punishment has been significantly strengthened since the 1990s, as a wave of so phisticated econometric studies have exploited a newly-available form of data, so-called panel data. [6] Most of the recent studies demonstrate statistically a deterrent effect of the death penalty. [16] However, critics claim severe methodological flaws in these studies and hold that the empirical data offer no basis for sound statistical conclusions about the deterrent effect. 17] Surveys and polls conducted in the last 15 years show that some police chiefs and others involved in law enforcement may not believe that the death penalty has any deterrent effect on individuals who commit violent crimes. In a 1995 poll of randomly selected police chiefs from across the U. S. , the officers rank the death penalty last as a way of deterring or preventing violent crimes. They ranked it behind many other forms of crime control including reducing drug abuse and use, lowering technical barriers when prosecuting, putting more officers on the streets,and making prison sentences longer.They res ponded that a better economy with more jobs would lessen crime rates more than the death penalty[18] In fact, only one percent of the police chiefs surveyed thought that the death penalty was the primary focus for reducing crime. [19] However, the police chiefs surveyed were more likely to favor capital punishment than the general population. In addition to statistical evidence, psychological studies examine whether murderers think about the consequences of their actions before they commit a crime.Most homicides are spur-of-the-moment, spontaneous, emotionally impulsive acts. Murderers do not weigh their options very carefully in this type of setting (Jackson 27). It is very doubtful that killers give much thought to punishment before they kill (Ross 41). But some say the death penalty must be enforced even if the deterrent effect is unclear, like John McAdams, who teaches political science at Marquette University : â€Å"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent ef fect, we have killed a bunch of murderers.If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. â€Å"[20] This may be construed as contradicting the traditional legal view of Blackstone and the 12th Century legal scholar Maimonides whose oft-cited maxim is: â€Å"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death. Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely â€Å"according to the judge's caprice. † Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital computer searches and discovery requirements opening DA's files. Maimonides' concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw er rors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. [21] Cass R.Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, both of Harvard law school, however, have argued that if there is a deterrent effect it will save innocent lives, which gives a life-life tradeoff. â€Å"The familiar problems with capital punishment—potential error, irreversibility, arbitrariness, and racial skew—do not argue in favor of abolition, because the world of homicide suffers from those same problems in even more acute form. † They conclude that â€Å"a serious commitment to the sanctity of human life may well compel, rather than forbid, that form of punishment. â€Å"[6] Use of the death penalty on plea bargainSupporters of the death penalty, especially those who do not believe in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, say the threat of the death penalty could be used to urge capital defendants to plead guilty, testify against accomplices, or disclose the location of the victim's body. Norman Frink, a senior deputy district attorney in the state of Oregon, considers capital punishment a valuable tool for prosecutors. The threat of death leads defendants to enter plea deals for life without parole or life with a minimum of 30 years—-the two other penalties, besides death, that Oregon allows for aggravated murder. 22] In a plea agreement reached with Washington state prosecutors, Gary Ridgway, a Seattle-area man who admitted to 48 murders since 1982 accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole. Prosecutors spared Ridgway from execution in exchange for his cooperation in leading police to the remains of still-missing victims. [23][24][25] Cost Recent studies show that executing a criminal costs more than life imprisonment does. Many states have found it cheaper to sentence criminals to life in prison than to go through the time-consuming and bureaucratic process of executing a convicted criminal.Donald McCartin, an Orange County, California Jurist fam ous for sending nine men to death row during his career, has said, â€Å"It's 10 times more expensive to kill [criminals] than to keep them alive. † [26] This exclamation is actually low according to a June 2011 study by former death penalty prosecutor and federal judge Arthur L. Alarcon, and law professor Paula Mitchell. According to Alarcon and Mitchell, California has spent $4 billion on the death penalty since 1978, and death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. 27] Death penalty proponents disagree, saying the study claiming the costs of the death penalty outweigh implementing life without parole is prepared by an anti-death penalty. [28] When califonians voters voted in 2012 about proposition 34, which aimed to abolish the death penalty, the cost was the main argument of proponents of the proposition in theirs TV ads, and was also written on the ballot. The argument may have convinced some death penalty supporters, but the proposition was rejeted with 53% of the vote against it

Popcorn Lab Essays

Popcorn Lab Essays Popcorn Lab Paper Popcorn Lab Paper A indicate that the average density of a sample of 10 kernels is 2. 3 g/ml which is according to industry standard classified a ready for sale. However the sample size of 10 kernels is well below the size sample in the popcorn industry, and is considered to be only valid for a small batch of popcorn. This is due to the fact that the sample densities were close except for one trial #2 which had a density that was about 0. 4 lower than the other samples. The errors could have been the time for wince rater ten samples winner measures wince would nave change a ten results Another error could have been incorrect measurement of volume and/or mass and that would have significantly affected the results. Part B Measurement of Kernel Damage: The outcome of part B indicates that out of the 10-15 g sample of 35 kernels that none have been damaged revealing a 0% kernels damaged. This result could have been flawed in many ways one which is the iodine solution could have not fully covered the kernels which would leave some kernels as undamaged due to improper procedure. Another error could be that due to the number of kernels the iodine solution was left with too much to handle and did not fully uncover the kernels, deeming the experiment as flawed. Part C Kernel Water Loss: The calculations of part C indicate that the average % of water lost is 5. 8% and this indicates that these popcorn kernels are below proper popping standard and would robbery be deemed as low market value popcorn. These results could be due to the fact that the popcorn water content has decreased due to evaporation of the water when it was left for x amount of time before the experiment was conducted. Another error could be that the kernels were either put on too much heat or too little which in hand would change the water content, an example would be if it was put on low heat before measure and then put to high heat after measure which could cause burning to change the % water lost.

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology The Bowen reaction series is a description of how magmas minerals change  as they cool. The petrologist Norman Bowen (1887-1956) carried out decades of melting experiments in the early 1900s in support of his theory of granite. He found that as a basaltic melt slowly cooled, minerals formed crystals in a definite order. Bowen worked out two sets of these, which he named the discontinuous and continuous series in his 1922 paper The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis. The Bowen's Reaction Series The discontinuous series starts with olivine, then pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. What makes this a reaction series rather than an ordinary series is that each mineral in the series is replaced by the next one as the melt cools. As Bowen put it, The disappearance of minerals in the order in which they appear ... is of the very essence of the reaction series. Olivine forms crystals, then it reacts with the rest of the magma as pyroxene forms at its expense. At a certain point, all the olivine is resorbed, and only pyroxene exists. Then pyroxene reacts with the liquid as amphibole crystals replace it, and then biotite replaces amphibole. The continuous series is plagioclase feldspar. At high temperatures, the high-calcium variety anorthite forms. Then as temperatures fall it is replaced by more sodium-rich varieties: bytownite, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, and albite. As the temperature continues to fall, these two series merge, and more minerals crystallize in this order: Alkali feldspar, muscovite, and quartz. A minor reaction series involves the spinel group of minerals: chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanite. Bowen placed them between the two main series. Other Portions of the Series The complete series is not found in nature, but many igneous rocks display portions of the series. The main limitations are the state of the liquid, the speed of cooling and the tendency of mineral crystals to settle under gravity: If the liquid runs out of an element needed for a particular mineral, the series with that mineral gets interrupted.If the magma cools faster than the reaction can proceed, early minerals can persist in partly resorbed form. That changes the evolution of the magma.If crystals can rise or sink, they stop reacting with the liquid and pile up somewhere else. All of these factors affect the course of a magmas evolution- its differentiation. Bowen was confident that he could start with basalt magma, the most common type, and build any magma from the right combination of the three. But mechanisms that he discounted- magma mixing, assimilation of country rock and remelting of crustal rocks- not to mention the whole system of plate tectonics he did not foresee, are much more important than he thought. Today we know that not even the largest bodies of basaltic magma sit still long enough differentiate all the way to granite.

Water Balance. Sediment Yield Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Balance. Sediment Yield - Essay Example usual concepts employed to study landscape morphology do not essentially hold for dry land environments, where extreme proceedings are responsible for most erosion and sediment transport. The finest descriptions are from areas of vertical soils in the waterway Country of inland Australia, where they arise widely. They have also been explained on 'tabra' soils in the Sudan. What these areas have in common is the establishment of the soil outside into hummocky landscape. In the Australian examples this is due to gilgai, in the Sudanese example to differential compaction of the soil on climate 0 channel links can be developed per square kilometre. The hummocky surface makes flow to focus close by in lower areas where its greater depth causes it to be faster and livelier. This deliberation of flow causes waterways to form linking the depressions. Other features contributing to conduits formation are that slumps are more often covered than mounds, and as a consequence the floodplain there is often more cracked and eroded. It would seem as purely phenomena for land area or at least similar channels haven't yet been explained from other surroundings. Amongst other things, a lack of foliage seems essential to enable over bank flow to cut conduits where it wouldn't otherwise have enough energy. What is their protection possibility They have not been depicted in the rock record. The gilgai they are connected with has often been illustrated; however it is likely that the reticulate channels would be very difficult to spot. Firstly they are shaped in and transport sediment typically identical in composition to the mass of the floodplain sediment, thus leave-taking no textural signature of their presence. Secondly, the changes in soil formation which cause their formation would also tend to obliterate any signatures of their presence. In the last three decades of the 20th century a file on pending sediment yield (SSY) and it's controlling factors, which have information for 4140 river basins of the Earth, was created by geomorphologies of Kazan State University (Russia). Features shaping the values of SSY are overflow, river basin area, relief height, rock and soil opus, the thickness and structure of vegetable cover and degree of anthropogenic especially agricultural mastering of basin natural landscapes. According to N.I. Makkaveev (1955) and many other researchers, the study of river sediment yield is the most ambitious and precise method of judgment of erosion intensity. The specific suspended sediment yield (t km-2 year-1) and degree of anthropogenic mastering of river basin landscapes in various height regions of the Earth Dominating tendency Hemispheres of the Earth northern southern Rising 34.02 ( 34.7) 24.94 ( 72.0) Descending 26.83 ( 27.4) 1.69 ( 4.9) Relatively permanent 21.30 ( 21.8) 5.42 ( 15.6) No data area 15.79 ( 16.1) 2.60 ( 7.5) Total area 97.97 (100.0) 34.65 (100.0) The areas (106 km2) with different dominating tendencies of erosion intensity and suspended sediment yield changes in hemispheres of the Earth during the second half of the 20th century There is also an ordinance which is made to the following purposes: The hazard areas of North Augusta are subject to episodic flood which consequences in loss of life and property, health and safety hazards, disruption of commerce and governmental services, unusual public expenditures for flood fortification and relief, and injury of the tax base, all of which

Effects of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections Thesis

Effects of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections - Thesis Example History of Injury Most of the patients had missed at least one game or practice within the last year due to an elbow injury (93.8%) with only one individual making all their games and practices (Table 2). In addition the majority of patients reported diagnosis of a UCL injury, although four (25%) had been given no diagnosis. The diagnoses included tear to the UCL (83.3%), partial UCL tear (8.3%), stress fracture (8.3%) and torn flexor tendon (25%). Many individuals were diagnosed with multiple types of injuries; hence the percentages indicate what percentage of diagnosed patients had a particular type of injury. Treatments that had been taken for the injury varied across rest, therapy, steroid injection, PRP or surgery. All patients had been given PRP injections, as this was a criterion for inclusion in the study. In addition, each patient had used at least one other method, with one patient using all five types, and eight patients (50%) using all but steroid injection as a method of treatment. Rest and therapy were the most popular treatments aside from PRP, with 14 patients (87.5%) using rest as a method of treatment, and 15 (93.7%) reporting use of therapy. Surgery was also popular, with ten patients (62.5%) reporting using surgery as a treatment for their UCL injury. Most patients had a single PRP injection, with only one patient having two and one having three. Time from the PRP injection to first picking up a baseball to throw ranged from two weeks to 16, with an average of 7.3 weeks. Patients were asked to give level of pain on a scale of 0-10 both before the PRP injection and the first time they picked up the baseball to pitch following the injection. The average score before the injection was 3.6, while afterwards it was 6.6. A total of 11 patients (68.8%) reported decrease in pain between before the PRP injection, and the first time they picked up the ball afterwards, four (25%) reported an increase in pain, while one did not give a pain level for after PRP injection. The result for the individual that did not give a pain level can be disregarded for this calculation, making the total proportion of patients that reported a decrease in pain to be 73.3%, and the proportion that reported an increase in pain to be 26.7%. There was some correlat ion between level of pain and weeks recovery time, but not in all cases (Figure 1). Figure 1: This graph shows the level of reported pain per patient compared with the number of weeks of recovery before they picked up the ball to pitch. Reported complications were relatively low, with only three patients (18.8%) reporting a long term increase in pain following the treatment, one (6.25%) reporting tingling or numbness, one (6.25%) reporting increased pressure and tightness, and four (25%) reporting decreased mobility in their elbow. Satisfaction with the PRP treatment was given on a scale of 0 to ten, with an average of 6.8. However, the average does not give the true picture, as responses were dichotomous, with most patients being either highly happy

Write 4 page research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write 4 page - Research Paper Example The number of Arabs immigrants has rapidly grown due to the changes in the United States laws and the increased political and economic hardships in Middle East countries. Arabs Americans are the fastest growing minorities in America. The Arabs who first arrived in United Stated were comparatively homogenous groups of persons. Most of the Arabs immigrants were Christians from Lebanon and Syria. Most of them came from remote areas where they had limited access to formal education. The recent Arabs immigrants tend to be more diversified in terms of their educational achievement, religious background, and terms of their country of origin (Short 300). Arabs Americans are almost in every state, although they are more likely to be located at one place such as Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Boston. The cities have large neighborhoods of Arabs Americans communities and have Arabic grocery stores, restaurants, and other businesses. The largest Arab Americans neighborhood is found Dearborn, Michigan. Arab Americans have become one of the most diverse groups of people in United States. Around 50 percent are Christians while the other 50 percent are Muslims. Some of the Arab immigrants trace their roots in African nations while others trace their origin in Asian countries. Some Arab Americans are born in America with their parents and grandparents born in United States making these Arabs have the little knowledge of the Arabic language. Others have immigrated to United States recently and therefore they are fluent in Arabic and can speak a bit of English. Arab Americans are also diversified in terms of income and jobs. Some are professional lawyers and doctors while others work in farms and factories. Many Arab Americans are a business owner of large enterprises. Some Arab women work as homemakers while others are found in all kinds of professions. Research shows that Arab Americans have better education level compared to average American

NVQ Assessment Essay Example for Free

NVQ Assessment Essay Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1. Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. 2. Define the key concept and principles of assessment. 3. Explain the responsibilities of the assessor. 4. Identify the regulations. Compare the strengths and limitations of arrange of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners. 5. Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessments methods with reference to the needs of individual learners. Understand how to plan assessment 6. Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessments. 7. Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment. 8. Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment. 9. Summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility. 10. Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process. Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment. 11. Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process. 12. Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. 13. Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning. 14. Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet off individual learners. Understand how to make assessment decisions. 15. Explain how to judge whether evidence is: a)Sufficientb) Current c) authentic. 16. Explain how to ensure that assessment decision are: a)Made against specifiedb)validc) reliable d) fair. Understand quality assurance of the assessment process. 17. Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process. 18. Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practise. 19. Summarise the procedures to follow when there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practise. Knowledge to be assessed and evidenced: Understanding how to manage information relating to assessment 20. Explain the importance of following procedures for the management of information relating to assessment. 21. Explain how feedback and questioning contribute to the assessment process. Understanding the legal and good practise requirements in relation to assessment. 22. Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. 23. Explain the contribution that technology can make to the assessment process. 24. Evaluate requirements for quality and diversity and, where appropriate, bilingualism in relation to assessment. 25. Explain the value of reflection practise and continuing professional development in the assessment process.

Processing a Crime Scene Essay -- Crime Scene Investigation

There are several steps that need to be taken in order to process a crime scene. Some of the steps include: securing the scene, a detailed search, documenting the crime scene, collecting and preserving evidence, and finally releasing the scene. All of the following steps are crucial to avoid any possible contamination or otherwise compromise the scene before it can be released. Few, if any additional opportunities exist when processing a crime scene, so the first time is most pertinent. First responders play a crucial role in the establishment of a crime scene. Upon arriving at the scene, the first responders have checked for living victims and have rendered aid. It’s important to create a perimeter around the crime scene (this can be altered if additional evidence is found outside the initial crime scene). Only emergency personnel should enter and exit from the central entry point to control contamination, by creating an exit point; it helps avoid any excessive traffic through the crime scene. By secure the scene to ensure that no evidence is misplaced or damaged, or otherwise compromised. Do a cursory check of the crime scene to obtain any transient evidence and secure any weapons found at the scene (in this case it was already at the scene with the suspect). Crime scene analysts and investigators communicate with first responders and are quickly briefed on the situation, and now a more thorough search can be conducted. A scene search is necessary to find evidence such as shell casings, biological evidence etc. At the time, a more detailed, extensive search will begin. Investigators have made their initial notations of the scene and created their hypothesis of the crime. The survey is an organizational stage to plan ... ...ditional visits to the crime scene could cause a compromise if entered into evidence at trial. Works Cited Gaensslen, R. E., Harris, H A., & Lee, H. (2008). Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminalistics. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. . National Institute of Justice (2004, June). Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training. Retrieved June 3, 2011, from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/200160.pdf Razzaq, N. Z. (2008). Visual Documentation in Crime Scene Investigations. Retrieved June 3, 2011, from http://policelink.monster.com/training/articles/17221-visual-documentation-in-crime-scene-investigations Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation (2000, January). Crime Scene Invesitgation: A Guide for Law Enforcement. Retrieved May 26, 2011, from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178280.pdf

Old English Poem: Beowulf Essay

Old English is a term to refer to the language and the literature spoken and written in Britain during the time between the coming of the Anglo-Saxons to Britain in the fifth century and the Norman Conquest in 1066. There are many tribes such as the Picts, Jutes, Scotes invaded Britain, this resulted in the mixing of several races, tongues and cultures. But the West Germanic tribes known as the Anglo-Saxon were the most influential tribes during this period. The Anglo-Saxons were warrior-farmers and came from north-western Europe. They began to invade Britain while the Romans were still in control. The Anglo-Saxons were tall, fair-haired men, armed with swords and spears and round shields. Their skills are hunting, farming, cloth production and leather working. â€Å"Anglo-Saxons were often buried with their possessions. The objects found in their graves have given evidence of the different jobs done by men and women and the skills they had. Knives and spears are often found in Anglo-Saxon men’s graves. This suggests they were involved in hunting, fighting and farming. Women’s graves often include tools used for sewing and weaving, which suggests they were involved in making clothes (textile production. 1 The language of this whole period is known as Old English. No exact date exists for its beginning. The first written records of the language date from around 690, however people had spoken the language long before it. Most Old English words were Germanic. â€Å"Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon literacy developed after Christianisation in the late 7th century. † 2 At the end of the sixth century, the Anglo-Saxons accepted Christianity after Pope Gregory sent Saint Augustine to Britain in 597. The Romans had introduced Christianity to the Celts centuries earlier. ) This gave rise to some religious writings. The Christian poetry adapts and paraphrases the biblical narrative, such as the life of saints and using verse to create standard morale. In addition to Christian poem, heroic poem also takes part in the Old English period. The heroic poems deal mostly with Germanic history and legend. â€Å"The stories they tell or mention, the kings and warriors they refer to, were all known by Germanic people. † 3 Discussion One of the heroic Old English poems is Beowulf.  The poem has survived complete, but it has little information about the author and the date of its composition. The author is unknown and no certain date of its composition. There are also other problems which makes analysis against this poem becomes hampered. â€Å"The text is historically remote from us; it involves ideas that seem to bear little resemblance to our own ways of thinking; It is written in a form of English (also called Anglo-Saxon) that displays little similarity to English today. † 4 The first part of the story takes place in Denmark.  King Hrothgar is being pestered by a water monster, Grendel, who is killing his men within a hall named Heorot. Beowulf comes to aid him and kills Grendel and later, at the bottom of the lake, also he kills Grendel’s mother, who comes to avenge her son. The second part is set in southern Sweden about fifty years later. Beowulf himself is a king and has to fight a fire breathing dragon which burns the royal hall. He gets help from a young warrior, Wyglaf, who manages to kill the Dragon. Beowulf is seriously injured from the fight with the fire breathing dragon. He then announces Wyglaf as his successor. The poem ends with Beowulf’s funeral rites and a lament The main character of this poem is Beowulf, a warrior from Geats who manages to kill the monster, Grendel. He is depicted as a brave man who thirsty with pride and glory. He is a good and generous leader for his soldiers and also ideal lord. Supporting character of the poem is Hrothgar, an aging lord from Danes whose kingdom ravaged by a monster, he then adopts his savior, Beowulf as son. Grendel is a dreadful monster who every night visits Heorot and kills Hrotghar’s men. Wiglaf is a brave young warrior who aids Beowulf to kill fire breathing monster that burnt Beowulf’s Hall. Wiglaf then becomes Beowulf successor. Structurally, Beowulf is built around three fights. The first fight is fight between those who life in Royal Hall and the monster. The Royal hall is a symbol of community itself. Monster which ravages the hall means a problem threatens the security and social bound of community. The fight between king and monster, the king who is representative of the society or in other words someone who is in power, has to face unpredictable and incomprehensible forces which threaten his position. This is kind of what every leader whether in Old English era or in 21st century must face. The last fight is also universal fight of human being, fighting of young age and life with old and death. No matter how great a man accomplishing many achievement, glory and pride or successfully beating problem in his life, he never wins against old and death. The theme of this poem concerns with the values of Germanic tribal society. The work talks about a hero and the values of bravery and also generosity. There are many contrasts depicted in this poem, for example, water and fire, youth and old age, life and death, rise and fall of nations, faithfulness and betrayal, heroism and cowardice, hope and resignation, good and evil, as well as the past, present and future. Every literary works has relation with the society where the work is written, so does this heroic poem. Anglo-Saxon people are well known as very loyal to their lord. The same sense is also found in this poem. How heroic Beowulf’s men obey their leader’s command by staying within the hall, fighting unpredictable force which possibly kills them. The kinship among Anglo-Saxon people is still though. This statement can also be found in the poem. Beowulf comes to Danes and helps Hrotghar who in the past has been a close friend to Beowulf’s father. Despite, the character of Beowulf himself who wants pride and glory, he comes to Danes to help his father’s old friend and Hrotghar adopts him as his son due to Beowulf’s help. Regarding Axlo-Saxon men are brave and keen on fighting, the genre of the poem is heroic poem and not far from war or fighting theme. The poems reflect also another side of life in the Heroic Age – the frequency of feuds. Beowulf has many references to bitter tribal fights. The feud of Hrotghar the Dane and Ingeld the Heathobard is settled by Hrotghar giving Freawaru his daughter inmarriage to Ingeld, but Beowulf tells Hyglac how the feud will break out again. 5 One thing which is interesting about Heroic Age is the religion. Beowulf was written when Britain was already Christianised, but the Pagan cult was still strong in the society. As a result, fusion between Pagan and Christianity became unique factor which affects the society and the poem. Both Pagan and Christianity can be found in the poem. For example, at the Beowulf’s funeral, his body was cremated. Cremation is a form of Pagan ritual. Also, in the poem, Christianity value can be found, like at the line 180 until 182. They remembered Hell. The Almighty Judge 180 Of good deeds and bad, the Lord God, Head of the Heavens and High King of the World, The concept of Hell and Heaven is close to Christian doctrine. From this example, the fushion of Pagan and Christianity in the society also effects the poem.

Noise Pollution Essay

Not all people in this country living in a noisy place, most of them want to lived in a peaceful place with trees and fresh air and we all know that most of the time we can focus and think carefully in a quiet place. Noise Pollution can be defined as unwanted or offensive sound that unreasonably intrude into our daily activities. In urban areas noise pollution is everywhere, whether we like it or not this is part of everyday life. If the ears was irritated to the sound it is called noise. This is defined a form of air pollution that is audible unwanted sound that poses a threat to a person’s health and well- being. This pollution has many sources from different things such as air conditioner, traffic ,radio ,a dog barking, human conversation, other machinery that causes sound and are associated with urban developments. According to an OECD report â€Å" Transport is by far the major source of noise , ahead of building or industry , with road traffic the chief offender â€Å" motorcycles , trucks and busses are the major contributors to the traffic noise. Noise is described in loudness (intensity) and pitch ( frequency ) the exposure is using a logarithmicn decibel ( dB) scale. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA) recommends the hearing protection in the workplace if the noise is greater than 85 DB for more than eight hours, because there is a chance of the potential hearing loss. Difference of the loudest and faintest sounds that humans can hear is about 120 DB, a range of one million amplitude. People who has a very good hearing can hear the sounds between to -15 Decibels. If the sound reaches the 85 db and above can cause permanent damage of hearing. The more amount of time you listen in a sound effect greater damage it will cause. If the place is quiet the longer you listen safetly and it will not cause a damage even if you listen to it for a very long time. The more exposure to the common sounds can cause a permanent damage. The normal conversation occurs 60 DB. According to my research, the causes of damage in our ears, like the bulldozer idling the sounds are loud 85 DB and can cause permanent damage after only 1 work day ( 8 hours ). Listening a music with earphone/ headpones in ears at a maximum volume, the sound can reach level over 100 Db, begin causing permanent damage after 15 minutes per day. A thunder from storm 120 Db, gunshot 140 -190 DB can both cause immediate damage. There are groups of people who are affected by this  noise pollution such as the young, elderly, and the hospitalized. Young children cannot protect their hearing and they only rely on their parents to keep them from noise exposure.Elderly may not have the capabilities to protect their hearing if they are the one who is disabled by mental or physical illness. Also the patients from the hospitals are not safe because patients especially for orthopedic surgeries may be exposed to loud instruments during a procedure although they are not protected from it while under anesthesia. Noise has numerous health effects making noise pollution a public concern although it has not been well addressed.These could be effected our blood pressure, noise -induced hearing loss,sleep disorders and irritability.Noise pollution also affects the performance at work and school. Noise pollution is harmful because the sound energy is transferred through compressions, and rarefactions. Because the intensity is very large and it can harm the human ears, and the animal ears also and it can damage to physical structure.When sound reach the human ear the structures will vibrate. The intense vibrations can be rapture the eardrum , loudness related hearing loss usually develops overtime. When the sound enters the ear, it is transferred to the brain as a nerve impulse. The nerves in our ears are composed of of tiny nerve fibers, it is surrounded by special fluid within the ear. When intense sound transferred through fluid the tiny nerves may destroyed and the hearing loss is affected. There is two kinds of effects the auditory and non-auditory. The effect of auditory may fatigue and deafness the non-auditory can be physiological and psychological change in human beings. Noise Induced Hearing Loss or (NIHL) is a type of sensorinueral hearing loss that is second only to age induced hearing loss or presbyacusis. The people who are affected of NIHL are the workers that involved in manufacturing , construction, transportation , argiculture , military, factory and mining because their ears are expose in hazardous noise levels.Also the recreational activities like target shooting, speedboat riding,play in a band and listen to a loud music are also the examples of activities that increases the risk of NIHL . The studies revealed that young children and young adults are also showing the  signs of NIHL. Communication,cognition, social emotional development, academics and future careers may all be affected in the young secondary to hearing loss. Noise Induced Hearing Loss ( NIHL) is permanent but it is preventable by using ear protection like earmuffs or earplugs to avoid the noisy environment and the harmful levels of noise. Mental Health , mental illness is thought be exacerbated and intensified by noise pollution and not believed to be cause of mental illness. In one study at United States Country that I read in my research there were a children who are exposed in noise levels above 55 DB had decreased attention, there is difficulty with social adaptation and increased the oppositional behavior to others compared to the children who are not exposed in noise levels. The pollution in the community noise also may cause annoyance and disturbance there are depressed and anxiety and make their symptoms worse. Other people always used sleeping pills for them to avoid the loud sound or the noise in their environment and mental hospital admission rates with those exposed to unwanted noise. The children or elderly who have depression and cannot control over their own hearing protection are the vulnerable to the mental effects of noise pollution. Impairment of Task Performance there are many potential detrimental effects of noise pollution on task performance involving both children and adults.Congnitive task performance at school and at work has bee n well documented in several studies.The children who are exposed to noise in their home or at school may have difficulty in their learning , language development and problem solving. In the study in London involving 340 children between ages of 8 and 11 who were exposed to high aircraft noise showed an association with increased annoyance and poorer reading comprehension. The most affected of noise is on the reading attention,problem solving and memory because we all know that most of the children or adults cannot focus in what they are doing if the environment is under in noisy condition . The noise can impair concentration, decrease the motivation because of irratation , increase the rate of errors and can lead to preventable accidents in workplace. Communication can be affected and leading to misinterpretation of instructions and can cause reducing an employee’s effectiveness an occuracy. Negative Social Behavior and Annoyance Reactions noise levels have been associated with increased negative reactions such as increased igitation, exhaustion,dissatisfaction,anger and  distraction.This may cause social and behavioral affects including attempts to avoi d environmental noise by closing windows or doors, acting out aggression and even result in a change of residence. The exposure to levels above 80 DB will increase aggressiveness when combined with alcohol , provocation and existing anger. Annoyance is a feelings of displeasure when individuals believe in condition has and adverse effect on them. People is dependent on the type of noise, by the time it occurs and the activity that interrupt the noise. A person have an individual sensibilty and also expose in the role of annoyance level. Every people have a lack of sense of control over noise there is a higher level of annoyance especially if the noise is accompanied by low frequency componets and loud impulse noise. The negative social behaviors and annoyance reactions to noise cause declines to one’s sense of well being. Sleep Disturbances well rested sleep is essential to maintain good health and mental function. Noise is the common offender interrupting sleep and it causes both primary and secondary sleep disturbance.Primary effect have a difficulty in falling asleep, awakenings and differences of sleep patterns. The secondary effects are interrupted sleep including fatigue and decreased the well-being performance. This two kinds of effects have a environmental noise exposure during sleep is accompanied by several p sychological effects. The levels of attributable to disturbed sleep can be as low and continuous noise greater than 30 DB. According to study that they revealed the population who are living in the urban areas were at risk for increased neuroticism, subjective noise sensitivity and noise annoyance. The participants of the study have a difficulty to back falling asleep, their fatigue is increased , poorer sleep quality and need for increased use of sleeping agents. Cardio Vascular Distrurbances there is now growing body of evidence associating noise pollution with casdiovascular disease. This effect are secondary to body’s â€Å" fight or flight â€Å" response leading to autonomic nervous and endocrine effects seen with chronic daily levels of noise greater than 65 DB or acute exposure to levels above 80 to 85 DB. These effects can lead to blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral resistance by the release of hormones such as s norepinehrine, epinephrine, and cortisol.From the study of Roselund et al, the demonstrated an increase prevalence of high blood pressure of people that are exposed to ai rcraft noise. The participants of  this study ages between 18 – 80 and the effects is common among the elderly. The second study of Jarup et al reveal the relationship of the traffic noise and nightime noise can increase the blood pressure participants are ages between 45-75 years old. The cardiovascular effects to noise pollution not only in adults also the young childrens are at risk. In otther country they have the organization that can prevent the noise pollution the examples are The National Institute of Deafness and Other Communications Disorders ( NIDCD) they created a national public education movement to prevent the NIHL they called it â€Å" WISE EARS† this campign initatited in 1999 by (NIDCD) and many regional, national and state with their governments.Their main goals is to educate the people about NIHL and to motivate to have actions in NIHL . According to the studies they are focusing on expanding their mission to reach the childrens between 8-12 ages and also their parents. As a individual we can also reduce the noise pollution by construction of soundproof rooms for noisy machines in industrial and manufacturing installations. Most important for residential building their machines should be installed far from living or sleeping rooms, like in a basement of garage . And for the employee’s they cannot reduce the noise of machine so they can only prevent by using earplugs. We can also avoid by stay away from sources of noise. If we are living in noisy place make sure that our windows are dual paned. It also reduced by planting trees, because we all know the main function of trees is to absorb and protect the noise made by people. Community laws must silence zones near schools/colleges and hospitals that needs concentration. We also to know what are the causes of noise pollution and the world becomes more advanced the noise increases. As an individual we can also reduce the noise pollution if owning a car do not use the car horns unnecessarily in the areas that needs silent zones that honking is prohibited . And avoid loud music which will hurt the ears and also others ear. Furthermore ,Firecrackers are very loud so dont try and burn them unnecessarily. Motors, vehicles and large machines produced a loud noise when not maintained properly and it needs proper maintance for a better performance.In theme parks avoid riding on rides that produce lot of noise.  Also turn off the engine of your car if you’re not using it. It stops the annoying hum and also reduce the air pollution. It much better if using only a bicycle or walk go to school. You’re body will fit and also it reduce the air and noise pollution . Noise pollution can make a mind and body stress, there are some techniques that can prevent like breathing exercises , deep breathing and other breathing exercises will work because it can be done anywhere and are effective for calming the body’s physiology in minutes. Meditation, is also a stress reliever because it calms the mind and body and it helps the alter of brain, over time, you are less reactive to stress that happens. Yoga, because this is the combination of breathing and meditation it adds an element of a exercise to be a stress reliever that acts on a different levels that benefit your health. Also provides a simple ways to ease into meditation. We can also stress free by noise pollution by going to the place that quiet and make a relaxation or have a leisure in a hotel and listen to a instrumental music in a low volume. There are so many ways that we can prevent the noisy place and this case study reminded us that we should take care our ears and our environment most of all in urban areas who are near in hazardous noise.